Are You Safe from Electronic Snoopers?
by Senator Edward V. Long - (Popular Science May 1967)

Tiny mikes may be carrying your private conversations-by telephone, radio, or tape recorder-to unseen listeners. In this excerpt from his new book, "The Intruders," the distinguished legislator explores new dangers to your privacy

One day in 1963, a federal agent entered a supermarket in a suburb of Kansas City, keeping close watch on a young couple who appeared to be doing their weekly grocery shopping. The couple stopped at a special dairy-products display. The young man told the two women demonstrators that he had seen one of their products, a milk substitute, advertised. He and his wife, he said, had a child who was allergic to milk. One of the demonstrators then handed him an explanatory brochure and suggested that he might want to show it to the child's doctor.

The two demonstrators could not know that their every move was being observed by a federal agent. Nor could they guess that outside the market five more such agents were gathered around a car radio listening to the conversation. Nor again, that a recorder was preserving their words for possible future use.

Finally, they could not know that the pleasant young parents worried about their allergic child were actually two more agents. The most serious crime of which the two women could have been accused was poor judgment in their selection of a part-time employer, a company suspected of selling a milk substitute deficient in protein. Yet the Kansas City Office of the Food and Drug Administration felt compelled to send a veritable expeditionary force of snoopers. When the FDA later brought the company to trial-a trial based in part on the point-of-sale brochure-the jury's verdict was "not guilty."

Everyone is a target. The experience of the two supermarket demonstrators is far from unique in America today. People in every walk of life, innocent and guilty alike, are finding themselves the targets of the eavesdropper and the busybody.

You are not immune from snoopers. Even though you may not be aware of it, the company that employs you, your business associates and competitors, private detectives, even federal agencies, may be spying on you. The Internal Revenue Service, for example, has prohibited wiretapping since 1938. Despite this, it has trained at least 125 agents in the installation and use of wiretaps. Some corporations have been known to compile extensive dossiers on employees and other persons, using the services of professionals equipped with gadgets that would surprise someone of Ian Fleming's imagination.

In left hand Sen. Long holds a spike mike, which is fired by a gun into a wall of a building to pick up sounds inside and radio them to snooper.	Substitute telephone mike not only works normally but, powered by phone current, also radios conversations to listeners-even when phone is not in use.	Transistor FM transmitter is designed to be carried by agent inside cigarette pack. VHF unit needs only a short antenna, can relay signals up to a mile	Inside attach� case at top is a receiver and a tape recorder which can be set to receive signals from miniature FM transmitter, preserve them on tape.

One federal agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, has publicly admitted its use of wiretapping year after year. During the past few years, it has usually acknowledged fewer than a hundred taps in operation on the reporting date. Assurances have always been given that these are limited to national-security matters and kidnapping cases, where human life is in danger. Assurances have also been given that each tap is authorized in writing by the Attorney General. The FBI's use of bugs, however, has not been so strictly limited.

Tapping a telephone. Let's take a look at the arsenal of today's snooping equipment. There are three basic methods for tapping a telephone: the direct tap, the indirect or induction-coil tap, and the microphone tap.

Other listening devices. In addition to the wiretap, the snooper has three basic tools: the bug, the radio transmitter, and the recorder. The bug is a concealed or disguised microphone wired into a room to overhear conversation. The transmitter is a combination of a miniature transmitter and a microphone, which may be hidden in a room or carried concealed on the person. The recorder is a combination microphone-recorder which can be concealed on the body or in a briefcase.

The microphone used by a snooper may be the size of a postage stamp or even smaller. It may be hidden in a lamp, a closet, under a rug, or anywhere that wiring can be concealed. Instead of wires, the snooper may decide to use a transmitter, and he can buy one today that is no larger than an aspirin tablet. It may operate by batteries, in which case its life is limited, or be plugged into the house current where it may operate as long as the householder continues to pay his electric bills. In a Senate hearing it was revealed that one such installation was used for 18 months. When retrieved, the transmitter was still operating, relaying conversations perfectly.

Battery-powered transmitters can be concealed almost anywhere, and the smaller they are, the easier their concealment. One transmitter demonstrated before the same Senate committee was hidden in a rose. Another possible hiding place is the dirt surrounding a potted plant.

What happens if the snooper is somehow prevented from gaining access to the target home or office? Because lack of access is more common than access, most of the research on snooping techniques is aimed at the development of techniques that meet this need.

The telephone remains a major ally of the snooper, even when he lacks direct access to it. A recently developed device, when attached to a line at any terminal box, will promptly turn the telephone into a permanent microphone. This sinister adapter is known as an infinity transmitter. It can activate the telephone microphone even though the handpiece is in the cradle. All room conversations can then be monitored.

Bugs and transmitters, as well as wiretaps, are important tools of the snooper who lacks access to the target area. He can place a contact mike on a connecting door; he can place a keyhole extension mike in the door; or, he can slide a small mike under the door. Also handy for the pryer are an electronic stethoscope and a spike mike.

This last is a tiny microphone on the back of a long spike. The spike is inserted in the wall until the point comes in contact with the other wall. In this way, the victim's wall becomes a large sounding board.

In a Louisiana case, it was alleged that the victim had been given a stuffed animal inside which was a small transmitter. This technique obviously requires that the snooper know the victim well enough to justify a gift.

Listening from a distance. So far, all techniques except the wiretap have required access to the building in which the target room is located, if not to the room itself. There are, however, a number of devices and techniques that can be used entirely from outside. A microphone may be hidden just outside a window: A "shotgun" microphone or a microphone with a parabolic reflector will pick up the conversation of persons 500 feet away and will block out all side talk.

The snooper may place a small contact mike on a closed window pane, or he may drive a spike mike into the window frame, with the point just touching the pane. In some cases, this same type of mike can also be driven into the outside wall.

New and more insidious techniques for monitoring rooms without physically entering them are appearing on the market. These techniques include the use of infrared light beams, laser beams, and ultrasonic sound. The infrared and laser techniques hold a potential for monitoring not only what is said but what is done behind closed doors. Both sound and picture would be transmitted from the target area. Already available is a closed-circuit TV camera smaller than a flashlight and concealable, automatic still and movie cameras.

The snooper may easily pursue his interests on the street, in automobiles, and in public places like bars and restaurants. On the street, he may monitor with a shotgun mike and miniature amplifier. A small recorder can now be conveniently carried in a shoulder holster, and a transmitter the size of a pack of cigarettes will, when carried in a pocket, raise no suspicions. A microphone for either of these devices can also be concealed in a tie clip, a button, a wristwatch, or a fountain pen.

There are reports of a transmitter so small that it can fit under a fingernail, but the one the size of a cigarette package is likely to give more satisfactory results. When a transmitter is sending from an automobile, it may be necessary for the snooper to follow in his own car in order to keep the receiver within range. To facilitate tailing, there are devices that can be installed underneath a victim's car, which emit signals. The latest tailing equipment also informs the listener of the general direction in which the tailed car is going.

Fighting back. People who have lived in a police state have discovered reasonably simple ways to foil the snooper. Cover can be provided by turning up the volume of radio or TV set, and talking close together very quietly. In the home, the sound of the shower can drown out normal conversation. A movie theater is a good place to discuss confidential matters, although a subway platform or moving train is even better. The purpose of all of these backdrops is to submerge the conversation in loud background noise.

If snooping is suspected, it is always helpful to be able to disconnect both the telephone and the electric current, but this is not always feasible. In such circumstances an expert countersnooper could use various jamming devices to discourage an eavesdropper.

Several devices for detecting listening devices have been placed on the market, but wiretappers everywhere have been able to sleep soundly in the knowledge that none of these has been completely effective.

We are entitled to ask a few questions at this point. For instance: Who have been the victims of electronic shadowing? Whose privacy has been invaded by the seemingly inexhaustible variety of listening devices?

Here are some answers: In Kansas City, the victims were gambling suspects and two schoolteachers. In Washington D.C., it was Senator Wayne Morse. In Miami, it was the president of a large corporation. In Boston, it was suspected tax-law violators. And this is only a sampling of the number and variety of Americans who have been spied upon by public and private agents.

The guilty and the innocent alike have shared the anonymous attentions of the snoopers. The famous and the infamous, the rich and the poor, the most respected and the least-even you may come within range of a secret ear.